I found my carbon arc instructions; attached.
I understand that was the initial invention, the rather wonderful sounding 'Elektrogefest' or 'Electric Hephaestus' as Wikipedia tells us. I found this on the inventor, and his patent shows the single electrode method.This chap on YT has one...
I also remember a torch mod that created a 'spot welder' - I think that involved using a single rod to contact the workpiece![]()